Carbon emissions from fossil fuels, deforestation, and industry are key drivers of climate change, leading to global warming, extreme weather, and biodiversity loss. Businesses play a vital role in mitigating this impact through various approaches.

Reducing carbon emissions tackles the problem at the source by cutting activities that release CO₂, such as switching to renewable energy and improving efficiency. Carbon transferring, like offsetting, compensates for emissions through projects like reforestation and carbon capture technology. While helpful for managing unavoidable emissions, it often faces criticism if used without significant reduction efforts.

Carbon neutrality involves both emission reduction and transferring. It focuses on reducing emissions through sustainable practices like energy efficiency and renewables but often relies on offsetting to balance remaining emissions. Carbon neutrality is a hybrid approach: addressing emission reduction at its core while frequently using transferring methods to achieve net-zero, especially for hard-to-reduce emissions.

Many businesses strive to be carbon neutral by balancing emitted carbon with equivalent offsets, such as reforestation. Companies like Microsoft have embraced carbon neutrality through emission reductions and offset investments. Some companies, however, aim to go further by becoming carbon negative, removing more carbon than they emit. This involves investments in technologies like direct air capture or regenerative agriculture. Patagonia, for instance, focuses on carbon-negative practices through regenerative organic agriculture, aiming to pull carbon from the atmosphere and build healthier ecosystems. On Running pushes boundaries with carbon-negative materials in its product lines, actively reducing atmospheric carbon.

Certifications validate companies' carbon reduction claims, providing assurance that their efforts are genuine. Key certifications include:

• B Corp Certification: Measures a company’s overall social and environmental impact.
• Carbon Trust Standard: Recognizes companies that actively manage and reduce emissions.
• Science Based Targets Initiative (SBTi): Certifies emission reduction targets aligned with climate science.
• Gold Standard and Verified Carbon Standard (VCS): Certify high-quality carbon offset projects.

By examining company practices, evaluating certifications, supporting carbon-negative initiatives, and staying vigilant against greenwashing, you can shop more consciously and help drive the demand for genuine carbon reduction and meaningful environmental impact.